PURE MATHEMATICS - Algebra

 

Iteration

 

 

Direct/Fixed Point Iteration

Bisection Iteration

The Newton-Raphson Method

 

 

 

Introduction

 

Repeatedly solving an equation to obtain a result using the result from the previous calculation, is called 'iteration'.

 

The procedure is used in mathematics to give a more accurate answer when the original data is only approximate.

 

Problems usually involve finding the root of an equation when only an approximate value is given for where the curve crosses an axis.

 

 

Direct/Fixed Point Iteration

 

method:

 

1. Rearrange the given equation to make the highest power of x the subject.

 

2. Find the power root of each side, leaving x on its own on the left.

 

3. The LHS x becomes   xn+1 .

 

4. The RHS x becomes   xn .

 

The equation is now in its iterative form.

 

 

We start by working out x2 from the given value x1 .

 

x3 is worked out using the value x2 in the equation.

 

x4 is worked out using the value x3 and so on.

 

 

 

Example

 

Find correct to 3 d.p. a root of the equation:

 

f(x) = x3 - 2x + 3

 

Given that there is a solution near   x = -2

 

iterative problem#1a

 

 

iterative problem#1b

 

 

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Iteration by Bisection

 

method:

 

1. Reduce the interval where the root lies into two equal parts.

 

2. Decide in which part the solution resides.

 

3. Repeat the process until a consistent answer is achieved for the degree of accuracy required.

 

 

Example

 

Find correct to 3 d.p. a root of the equation:

 

f(x) = 2x2- 2x + 7

 

given that there is a solution near   x = -2 .

 

 

bisection method problem#1

 

 

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Newton-Raphson Method

 

This uses a tangent to a curve near one of its roots and the fact that where the tangent meets the x-axis gives an approximation to the root.

 

 

The iterative formula used is:

 

Newton raphson formula

 

 

Example

 

Find correct to 3 d.p. a root of the equation:

 

f(x) = 2x2 + x - 6

 

given that there is a solution near   x = 1.4 .

 

 

Newton Raphson problem#1

 

 

 

 

 

 

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